The invention of total war. The military forces of Genghis Khan slaughtered whole populations and destroyed any city that resisted:.
Every village is fortified. Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early Modern Late Modern Industrial Fourth-Gen. Total war is warfare that includes any and all civilian -associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targetsmobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs.
War really kicks that knack into overdrive, so it seems natural that humans would turn Europe, East Asia, and the United States, Total war is distinguished by its unprecedented intensity and extent. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Eighteen of the fifty articles outlined penalties for violators. The transportation of factories and whole labor forces east of the Urals as the Germans advanced across the USSR inwas an impressive feat of planning.
This war truly was total in that civilians on both sides participated to a significant extent in the war effort and in that armies on both sides waged war on the civilian population as well as military forces.
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Total war is warfare that includes any and all civilian -associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targetsmobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs. The American-English Dictionary defines total war as "war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.
In the midth century, scholars identified "total war" as a separate class of warfare. In a total war, to an extent inapplicable to less total conflicts, the differentiation between combatants and non-combatants diminishes and even sometimes vanishes entirely as opposing sides can consider nearly every human resource, even that of non-combatants, as part of the war effort. The phrase can be traced back to the publication of the World War I memoir of German General Erich LudendorffDer totale Krieg "The total war".
United States Air Force General Curtis LeMay updated the concept for the nuclear age. During the Middle Agesdestruction under the Mongol Empire in the 13th century effectively exemplified total war. The military forces of Genghis Khan slaughtered whole populations and destroyed any city that resisted:. As an aggressor nation, the ancient Mongols, no less than the modern Nazispracticed total war against an enemy by organizing all available resources, including military personnelnoncombatant workersintelligencetransportmoneyand provisions.
Author and historian Mark van de Logt wrote: Both sides directed their actions not solely against warrior-combatants but against the people as a whole. Noncombatants were legitimate targets. The French Revolutionary Wars introduced some of the first concepts of total war, such as mass conscription. From this moment until such time as its enemies shall have been driven from the soil of the Republic all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the services of the armies. The young men shall fight; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions ; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn old lint into linen; the old men shall betake themselves to the public squares in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic.
The wars merged into the Napoleonic Wars of the First French Empire from ca. In the Russian campaign of the Russians resorted to destroying infrastructure and agriculture in their retreat in order to hamper the French and strip them of adequate supplies. The Taiping Rebellion — was one of the deadliest wars in history.
Grant and President Abraham Lincoln initially opposed the plan until Sherman convinced them of its necessity. Scholars taking issue with the notion that Sherman was employing "total war" include Noah Andre Trudeau. Almost the whole of Europe and the European colonial empires mobilized to wage World War I. After the failure of the Battle of Neuve Chapellethe large British offensive in Marchthe British Commander-in-Chief Field Marshal John French blamed the lack of progress on insufficient and poor-quality artillery shells.
As young men left the farms for the front, domestic food production in Britain and Germany fell. The Second World War was the quintessential total war of modernity.
Among these were the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement and the Imperial Rule Assistance Association. The National Mobilization Law had fifty clauses, which provided for government controls over civilian organizations including labor unionsnationalization of strategic industries, price controls and rationingand nationalized the news media.
Eighteen of the fifty articles outlined penalties for violators. Before the onset of the Second World Warthe United Kingdom drew on its First World War experience to prepare legislation that would allow immediate mobilization of the economy for war, should future hostilities break out. Rationing of most goods and services was introduced, not only for consumers but also for manufacturers.
Not only were men conscripted into the armed forces from the beginning of the war something which had not happened until the middle of World War Ibut women were also conscripted as Land Girls to aid farmers and the Bevin Boys were conscripted to work down the coal mines.
Enormous casualties were expected in bombing raids, so children were evacuated from London and other cities en masse to the countryside for compulsory billeting in households. In the long term this was one of the most profound and longer-lasting social consequences of the whole war for Britain.
The use of statistical analysis, by a branch of science which has become known as Operational Research to influence military tactics was a departure from anything previously attempted. In contrast, Germany started the war under the concept of Blitzkrieg. The commitment to the doctrine of the short war was a continuing handicap for the Germans; neither plans nor state of mind were adjusted to the idea of a long war until the failure of the Operation Barbarossa. Plant and machinery were plentiful and incompletely used, thus it was comparatively easy to substitute unused or partly used machinery for that which was destroyed.
The Soviet Union USSR was a command economy which already had an economic and legal system allowing the economy and society to be redirected into fighting a total war. The Eastern Front of the European Theatre of World War II encompassed the conflict in central and eastern Europe from June 22, to May 9, It was the largest theatre of war in history in terms of numbers of soldiers, equipment and casualties and was notorious for its unprecedented ferocity, destruction, and immense loss of life see World War II casualties.
The fighting involved millions of GermanHungarian, Romanian and Soviet troops along a broad front hundreds of kilometres long. It was by far the deadliest single theatre of World War II. Scholars now believe that at most 27 million Soviet citizens died during the war, including at least 8.
Millions of civilians died from starvationexposure, atrocities, and massacres. During the Battle of Stalingradnewly built T tanks were driven—unpainted because of a paint shortage—from the factory floor straight to the front.
The United States underwent an unprecedented mobilization of national resources for the Second World War. The strategists of the U. Following the outbreak of war in Europe and the ongoing aggression in Asia, efforts were stepped up significantly. American public opinion was still opposed to involvement in the problems of Europe and Asia, however. As the United States began to gear up for a major war, information and propaganda efforts were set in motion.
Many factories making non-essential goods retooled for war production. Strict systems of rationing of consumer staples were introduced to redirect productive capacity to war needs. Previously untouched sections of the nation mobilized for the war effort. In the war, the United States lostmilitary personnel, but had managed to avoid the extensive level of damage to civilian and industrial infrastructure that other participants suffered.
After the United States entered World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt declared at Casablanca conference to the other Allies and the press that unconditional surrender was the objective of the war against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The unconditional surrender of the major Axis powers caused a legal problem at the post-war Nuremberg Trialsbecause the trials appeared to be in conflict with Articles 63 and 64 of the Geneva Convention of Since the end of World War II, no industrial nation has fought such a large, decisive war.
By the end of the s, the ideological stand-off of the Cold War between the Western World and the Soviet Union had resulted in thousands of nuclear weapons being aimed by each side at the other.
During the Cold War, the two superpowers sought to avoid open conflict between their respective forces, as both sides recognized that such a clash could very easily escalate, and quickly involve nuclear weapons. In the case of proxy wars, each superpower supported its respective allies in conflicts with forces aligned with the other superpower, such as in the Vietnam War and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Total war disambiguation. Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early Modern Late Modern Industrial Fourth-Gen. Air Cyber Information Land Sea Space. Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Conventional Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional.
Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counter-insurgency Cover Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Swarming Tactical objective Trench warfare. Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group. Attrition Counter-offensive Deception Defensive Goal Naval Offensive. Containment Economic warfare Limited war Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war.
Command and control Doctrine Education and training Engineers Intelligence Ranks Staff Technology and equipment. Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management. Asymmetric warfare Broken-Backed War Theory Court-martial Cold war Deterrence theory Irregular warfare Law of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Network-centric warfare Operations research Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Slavery Theater War crimes War film War games War novel Wartime sexual violence World war Colonial war.
Annexations Battles Military occupations Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers. There is another more obvious difference from The whole of the warring nations are engaged, not only soldiers, but the entire population, men, women and children. The fronts are everywhere to be seen. The trenches are dug in the towns and streets. Every village is fortified. Every road is barred. The front line runs through the factories. The workmen are soldiers with different weapons but the same courage.
Do you want total war? If necessary, do you want a war more total and radical than anything that we can even imagine today? It is now none of these things. War by proxyCoercive diplomacyand Deterrence theory. The Otterbein College Humanities JournalSpringp.
NB Gunn cites this Wikipedia article as it was on 27 Septemberbut on only for the text of the song "The Thing-Ummy Bob". The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, Publications of the German Historical Institute. Clausewitz in the twenty-first century. The shadows of total war: Europe, East Asia, and the United States, On the Road to Total War: The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, Sherman to Henry W. Retrieved 5 August Holoka, Jim Holoka, George H.
The Age of Global Integration ". Pawnee Scouts in the U. University of Oklahoma Press. The First Total War: Retrieved 19 January The American origins of total war, World Economic And Social Survey International Migrationpg. World War II and the Struggle For Independence, —50; The Japanese Occupation, —45" Access date: The End of the Blitzkrieg.
The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. ISBNpp. The world since Office of the Historian. United States Department of State. The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev A Dictionary of Quotations.
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History Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early Modern Late Modern Industrial Fourth-Gen. Battlespace Air Cyber Information Land Sea Space. Weapons Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Conventional Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional.
Tactics Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counter-insurgency Cover Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Swarming Tactical objective Trench warfare. Operational Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group. Strategy Attrition Counter-offensive Deception Defensive Goal Naval Offensive. Grand strategy Containment Economic warfare Limited war Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war.
Organization Command and control Doctrine Education and training Engineers Intelligence Ranks Staff Technology and equipment. Logistics Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management. Related Asymmetric warfare Broken-Backed War Theory Court-martial Cold war Deterrence theory Irregular warfare Law of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Network-centric warfare Operations research Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Slavery Theater War crimes War film War games War novel Wartime sexual violence World war Colonial war.
Lists Annexations Battles Military occupations Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers.
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After the United States entered World War II, Franklin D. Spotlight Demystified Quizzes Galleries Lists On This Day Biographies. Rationing of most goods and services was introduced, not only for consumers but also for manufacturers.
The National Mobilization Law had fifty clauses, which provided for government controls over civilian organizations including labor unionsnationalization of strategic industries, price controls and rationingand nationalized the news media. Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page.
Office of the Historian.
Total war - New World Encyclopedia
Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page. The French Revolution introduced some of the concepts of total war. The unconditional surrender of the major Axis powers caused a legal problem at the post-war Nuremberg Trials , because the trials appeared to be in conflict with Articles 63 and 64 of the Geneva Convention of Consequently, the greater cost of warfare became evident.
The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. The commitment to the doctrine of the short war was a continuing handicap for the Germans; neither plans nor state of mind were adjusted to the idea of a long war until the failure of the Operation Barbarossa. The Soviet Union USSR was a command economy which already had an economic and legal system allowing the economy and society to be redirected into fighting a total war.
Young men were removed from production jobs and were replaced by women. The threat of total devastation to the earth and humankind through nuclear warfare in the mid-twentieth century caused a change in thinking.
This page was last modified on 13 April , at Atrocities were committed on a scale never before seen, with entire populations being executed or sold into slavery, as in the case of the city of Melos. The strategists of the U. In total, between 20 and 50 million died in the conflict, making it bloodier than the First World War and possibly bloodier than the Second World War as well, if the upper end figures are accurate.
Almost the whole of Europe and the European colonial empires mobilized to wage World War I.
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